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The Red Terror was a campaign of mass killings, torture, and systematic oppression conducted by the Bolsheviks after they seized power in Petrograd and Moscow in 1917. Soviet historiography describes the Red Terror as having been officially announced in September 1918 by Yakov Sverdlov and ending about October 1918. However, the term was frequently applied to political repression during the whole period of the Russian Civil War of 1918–1922.〔 See also: (The Record of the Red Terror ) 〕〔 The Cheka (the Bolshevik secret police)〔 conducted the mass repressions.〔Suvorov, Viktor, ''Inside Soviet Military Intelligence'', New York: Macmillan (1984)〕 Estimates for the total number of people killed in the Red Terror range from 50,000〔Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History, Norman Lowe〕〔The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia. Bailey Stone. Cambridge University Press, 25/11/2013. p. 335〕 to 140,000〔〔"The Russian Revolution", Richard Pipes, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 13/7/2011, p. 838〕 to over one and a half million. == Purpose == The Red Terror was practical implementation of dictatorship of the proletariat as explained by Lenin in ''The State and Revolution'' (1917)〔''The supersession of the bourgeois state by the proletarian state is impossible without a violent revolution'' (The State and Revolution, (Chapter 1 ))〕 as well as an effort by the Bolsheviks to eliminate real and imaginary counter-revolutionaries who belonged to the former "ruling classes". Martin Latsis, chief of the Ukrainian Cheka, explained in the newspaper ''Red Terror'': The bitter struggle was described succinctly from the Bolshevik point of view by Grigory Zinoviev in mid-September 1918: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「red terror」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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